Slow start and slight pivot

When I packed my bags in Stockholm back in early October to begin the trek home from the Google Innovator Academy (#SWE17) I was experiencing information and idea overload. I was inspired to revolutionize teacher-student relationships and conquer students' digital media illiteracy, and I set a goal for the end of the first quarter of my year-long project that I thought was modest. When I shared the goal with the cohort during one of our final sessions, Becky Evans said, "Wow. That's ambitious." Really? I thought, but didn't say.

My goal: by the end of the quarter I will have recruited at least two teachers to form think tanks in at least one of their classes. Students will be posting regularly and the teachers will have begun to introduce ideas from the think tanks into class which has encouraged student voluntary membership in the think tanks to grow organically.

That's it: two teachers, two classes. I built this Google Site to explain the concept of class-based social media think tanks and shared it with some colleagues. I met with a building administrator to explain the concept and received administrative sanction to roll-out my plan.

In a nutshell, here is what I proposed:

To create a class think tank.

• Invite members of your class to join - everything is voluntary and nothing is graded!
• Choose a social media platform that will work for the group's members: a closed Facebook group, Twitter, Instagram, etc.
• As a team, create a name for yourselves.
• Decide upon a team hashtag (#)
• Invite think tank members to share reflections about what you are doing in class via the social media platform, using your think tank's chosen hashtag. 

In addition I provided a page with ideas for maximizing the positive classroom impact of the good work happening in the think tank and expand how the think tank could be used (scale it up!).

Well, I am now at the 6 week mark. I haven't revolutionized anything. Of the three teachers who initially expressed interest in creating social media think tanks for their classes, only one remains involved in the planning. She has backed pedaled from the idea of a class-based think tank and instead, since she is one of the co-advisers, invited me to pitch the idea to the student council. These colleagues who co-advise the student council are new to those roles this year. One of their goals, developed with the council, is to increase the leadership training and experience of council members. To support that initiative we are going to launch (actually I made the group this morning) a closed Facebook group that will serve as a leadership think tank for the council members and, when the council decides it is time to grow the group, other leaders among the student body will be invited to join.

After I introduced the idea to the students this morning, we brainstormed ways the Facebook group could be used:

• students could read and discuss books about student leadership, books like Social LEADia and By Any Media Necessary.
• when students learn about a conference they can post it in the group
• when students attend a conference they can post notes and ideas gained at the conference in the group
• students who are struggling to gain or motivate followers for an initiative can use the group to share who they gained empathy with, the cause they are addressing, what feedback they got from stakeholders, what methods they have tried, and then get help from their peers.
• TED Talks! Who doesn't love a good TED Talk discussion? Like Derek Sivers on how to start a movement.
• Models of leadership: when students see leadership in action, they can capture it and post it to the think tank so leaders-in-training can dissect what makes an effective leader.

It is a start. I am excited to get started. If all goes well, the leadership think tank will take off. The teachers involved will be excited about the potential of a similar group in their classes and the initiative will grow. We'll see. I am cautiously optimistic.

If you could teach a course on media literacy... what would it include?

I am in the process of planning a media literacy course. In this post, I am sharing what I have developed so far. What follows is a broad brushstrokes outline a one-marking period in duration (approximately 8 weeks) course. I envision this course becoming a required experience for all incoming 9th graders. Or, at least, a prerequisite for enrolling to work at a student help desk. Please leave comments about how this course can be improved or expanded. Thanks!

UNITS of STUDY:

UNIT 1: SHOULD I SHARE THIS?

Our innate need to receive and share information seems to go hand-in-hand historically with censorship. From Martin Luther’s revolution made possible by the printing press to digital media distributed via the small computers we euphemistically call phones, the power of creating, curating, and distributing information is immense. Napoleon once said, “Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.” As librarians, each year we promote banned books and websites in order to increase our students' understanding that their access to information is a privilege -- while it should be a right -- that they need to safeguard. Furthermore, when choosing to exercise that right, we tacitly accept responsibility for participating in a manner that advances civil discourse. The challenge of teaching cyber citizen students to be good digital citizens is helping them create space, a moment of reflection, between stimulus and response. Teaching them to be mindful. You might remember the days of walking down the hallway at school and shoving a note through the vents in a friend's locker. Some people shoved unkind notes through locker vents. But, more often than not, the time it took to walk the halls of the school and find the target locker created that space between the stimulus that prompted the writing of an unkind message and the response of slipping it through the vents of the recipient's locker. That hallway walk created the space necessary for better angels to prevail in many cases. What makes today different is the immediacy with which a response to a stimulus can be created and disseminated. A challenge of digital citizenship education is to prompt students to be mindful, to breathe before posting, to reflect on their response before sending their response, to consider whether that response is something they want to be permanently etched into their digital profile.We need to help our students to approach every digital interaction with the same caution that they might employ when they hear the buzz of a tattoo needle. Building empathy is the key to helping students hit the pause button rather than acting (or posting) on impulse.To that end, Unit 1 addresses these questions:

• What is my online persona and how can I be sure it represents me accurately?
• What is news and how do I know when something is true?
• What is my role curating information? (consumer, producer, disseminator)

UNIT 2: HOW CAN SOMETHING BE BOTH BIASED AND MEANINGFUL?

What is true evolves as a news story unfolds. Journalistic truth provides information consumers with the best available account of an event based on the available, verifiable facts at any given time. Even when publishing objective news stories, journalists exercise editorial judgment balancing what their audience wants to know with what they need to know. The target audience for any publication of information is a critical element in determining the manner in which the content is portrayed and disseminated. Professional journalists are trained to remain neutral when reporting; their bylines assure information consumers of their accountability for impartiality or bias. News consumers must remember that opinions included in reporting don’t always indicate bias and that commentary is a part of reporting. One important gauge of the quality of an information source or news outlet is whether or not that publication or agency separates objective reporting from editorial content. News consumers need to know that the content of the editorial pages does not influence the objective reporting of the news.

• The many faces of me: when can I have an opinion and when must I refrain from bias? Which platform is for which purpose (or which face of me)?
• When I encounter new information, how do I know when the author’s bias interferes with the meaning and substance?
• How can I hold my own biases loosely so they do not interfere with what I can learn and understand?

Resources:

NYTimes newsroom policy for social media

Society for Professional Journalists Ethics Code

American Press Institute: Understanding bias and tools to manage bias

Interesting dialogue about the future of news reporting and the relationship between reporters and their stories

Switched front pages - how we are framed to see and understand media

UNIT 3: WHY CAN'T IS SEPARATE THE MEDIUM FROM THE MESSAGE?

We all have our preferred modes of communication. Frequently those preferences may vary generationally. Creators of content understand those variations. Ads play on television on certain networks at certain times of day to reach the demographic audience most likely to be watching at that time. The same principles are true of other modes of information transmission. The products and ideas sold to a 19-year-old within the video game he is playing (yes, advertisers can and do infiltrate your games) aren’t the same or aren’t portrayed in the same way as the products sold to his 50-year-old mother in her Facebook feed. The same principles apply to fake news or intentional misinformation and hoaxes. The creators of this type of information rely on digital manipulation of images and video and digital transmission to reach wide audiences through viral re-sharing. Message, audience, and medium are inextricably linked.

• How do advertisers use different media to sell the same product or message?
• How has the evolution of media changed the way in which information is created, distributed, accessed and used?
• When deciding how to share what I have learned, how will I consider my audience? Message? Purpose? And create a product that meets all of these needs?

Resources:

Educator’s Guide: Types of Online Fakes (Verification Handbook)

7 vital browser plugins for newsgathering and verification (First Draft News)

Fake News. It's Complicated. (First Draft News)

13 online tools that help to verify the authenticity of a photo (StopFake.org)

Breaking News Consumer's Handbook (WNYC)

Snopes

TruthOrFiction

Urban Legends (About.com)

Hoax-Slayer

We Tracked Down A Fake-News Creator In The Suburbs. Here's What We Learned (NPR)

What is fake news? How to spot it and what you can do to stop it (The Guardian)

For the ‘new yellow journalists,’ opportunity comes in clicks and bucks (The Washington Post)

7 ways to spot and debunk fake news (Newsday)

How fake news sites frequently trick big-time journalists (Columbia Journalism Review)

Fake Or Real? How To Self-Check The News And Get The Facts (NPR)

Grasswire examines social media images in real time to expose hoaxes

https://www.grasswire.com/

https://twitter.com/grasswire

UNIT 4: PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING: HOW CAN I USE DIGITAL MEDIA FOR GOOD?

Digital media has transformed our relationship with information and therefore with the global community. We are instantly aware of events happening around the world, we can hear the sounds of war and terror as well as those of harmony and jubilation. We are moved to act by the video footage we see of natural and human-caused disasters. And we join movements for change because we see them playing out on our devices in our hands. Professional conferences even have hashtags for the people not in attendance to follow! (#notataasl7) As we equip our students with the tools and skills requisite to recognize and not be duped by hoaxes and misinformation we must go further and empower them to be digital leaders. The most effective way to combat purposeful, ill intentioned misinformation is by elevating and magnifying the voices engaged in informed civil discourse. Students must learn to use social media not just for interacting with friends far and wide. They must also learn to engage and organize through digital media, researchers, advocates, fund-raisers, politicians, non-profit organizations, and other problem solvers in order address the needs of their communities.

• What issue, problem, or cause do I care about? Why?
• How can I take informed action?
• How can I contribute to a solution or remedy?
• Design cycle
• Presentation of plan
• Whom am I trying to reach (who is my audience)?
• How do those people most frequently access information? Why?
• What is the best media for conveying my evidence and conclusions? Consider:
• Do I need photographs or other artist renderings?
• Do I need data visualization?
• Are voices, music, or other auditory files important to understanding my message?
• Is there a need for video footage?
• How much text do I have? Does it require hyperlinks or interactivity?
• How will my product reach my audience?
• Will it live on a website?
• Post to a video sharing forum like YouTube?
• Be delivered via email?
• Exist in printed form?
• Be performed or delivered to a live audience?
• Something else?
• How will the talents of my team combine to create a successful product or presentation?

Resources:

By Any Media Necessary: The New Youth Activism by Henry Jenkins and Sangita Shresthova

Social LEADia: Moving Students from Digital Citizenship to Digital Leadership by Jennifer Casa Todd

To teach digital citizenship & literacy, we must be digital neighbors

I was fortunate to be accepted into the Stockholm cohort (#SWE17) of the Google Innovator Academy (#GoogleEI). The focus of my work for my Innovator project is students' digital media literacy (or lack thereof). Based on the SHEG report, Evaluating Information: The Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning, and other reading I have been doing about this topic, I initially thought the focus of my work would be on developing students' capacities for unpacking, critically examining, and making meaning of the myriad of digital texts that flood their social media feeds. Following the protocols the Innovator team outlined for us in advance of attending the Academy, I quickly realized that I had a different -- but related -- issue to tackle before addressing student digital literacy. That is, the lack of social media, and thus digital media not curated by a teacher, that is used or experienced in the classroom. Until teachers embrace social media as a teaching, learning, and communication tool, students will not have an opportunity to be guided in the development of their digital literacy. Thus my project: social media think tanks for any classroom. You can learn more about it at my site: Mediated Messages.

Here is my 90 second elevator pitch:

For many years I have sat through faculty meetings where district lawyers have warned us about our social media presence and connections with students. I suspect that the concerns that inspire those cautionary meetings and the policy that as educators we may not be social media friends with our students will result in push back against my project. Yet, I think it is possible for it to work. In fact, if we really mean we want to teach students positive habits of digital citizenship, then it is essential that we interact with them in digital communities.

My daughter is a field hockey player. Her team, like most other teams of which I am aware, self-organizes in a closed Facebook group. All current team members are invited as are the coaches and parents of current players. Announcements are made in this forum, pictures of games and spirit days are shared here, encouraging messages about upcoming games are offered. I am an active contributor to this group even though I am not Facebook friends with most of the group members.

I am also a member of professional Facebook groups like ALA Think Tank and Future Ready Librarians. Again, I contribute to the discussions that happen in these groups. I learn from the postings made by group members and I am not "friends" with most of the people in that group. The posts I make to my page, that are shared with my friends, are not part of that forum. In that way, I can keep my personal and professional postings and communities separate.

Twitter is another social media platform on which I am rather active. I follow many people and many of them follow me as well. There are many people with whom I engage in discourse via hashtags but we do not follow each other. My habit when it comes to Twitter is only to follow people's professional feeds. I do not use Twitter for personal posting. And, by following a hashtag, I can learn from people who contribute to that hashtag discussion without following their entire feed.

As I see it, the use of closed Facebook groups and hashtags allows teachers and students to interact on social media and still maintain a separation of their personal lives. Further separation can be achieved by the creation of classroom accounts. How ever teachers and administrators choose to structure conversations -- many athletic coaches have already figured it out -- we aren't really teaching digital citizenship or information literacy if we aren't digital neighbors.

Teaching Digital Citizenship Starts with Empathy

In my last post I commented that the challenge of teaching cyber citizen students to be good digital citizens is helping them create space, a moment of reflection, between stimulus and response. Teaching them to be mindful. We need to help our students to approach every digital interaction with the same caution that they might employ when they hear the buzz of a tattoo needle. Building empathy is the key to helping students hit the pause button rather than acting (or posting) on impulse.

I have long been a fan of the This I Believe series. When I was a social studies teacher I used these essays as models of personal essays and helped students deconstruct the stylistic and rhetorical devices employed by the authors of these essays. By carefully selecting models, I was providing my students with essay exemplars, for sure, but also with models of good judgment and lessons about being part of a community. One of my favorite This I Believes is "Be Cool to the Pizza Dude" by Sarah Adams. I can almost recite her essay from memory.

Adams' essay is making an appearance in the digital citizenship lesson we are delivering next week. After we listen to the NPR recording of Adams reading her essay. Students are going to talk about her four principles that underpin her belief in coolness to the pizza dude: "Coolness to the pizza delivery dude is a practice in humility and forgiveness.... in empathy.... in honor and it reminds me to honor honest work.... [and] in equality." We are going to ask them to consider not just her principles, but the examples she uses to explain and explore her principles and discuss which ones matter to them.

Next we are going to explain the concept of mindfulness and point out that it is embedded in Adams' discussion of her relationhip with the pizza dude and ask students what strategies they do or can employ when they are interacting with someone (actually or digitally) to be mindful, be "cool". This question is a lead into having them break into small groups and access the community guidelines for Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat and identify where in those companies standards they can find Adams' principles.

Now we can bring it back to our school. Posted in every classroom and elsewhere throughout our building are the schools core values and beliefs.

All members in the... community engage in a collaborative, learning partnership that empowers... graduates to inquire, interpret, and communicate in and across disciplines using a variety of media. We share common beliefs and values that guide all community members in demonstrating civic and personal engagement, both in and out of the classroom. We strive for academic excellence and personal development through a safe and supportive school climate.

Students will compare this statement with the tenets published by the social media companies and, again, Adams. They will collect their thoughts on a set of Google slides which can be printed and posted in the actual classroom and posted as community agreements in the teachers' Google classrooms.

Your CyberSelf: Teaching Digital Citizenship

Lately I have been asked a lot about teaching digital citizenship: how to do it and how to know the students are exhibiting it. My answer is usually that teaching digital citizenship -- a focus of my role as a library media specialist -- is very much like teaching citizenship -- the focus of my previous role as a social studies, in particular American Government, teacher. In my prior role I could teach students the ins and outs of the democratic process, the importance of having a voice in the decision making process, and the history of people fighting for suffrage... but I couldn't make them vote. And now, I can teach my students the importance of being a good citizen in the digital world, but how can I make them be one?

A former colleague and now the head of school at one of my previous schools devoted her doctoral work to studying mindfulness and how increased mindfulness by a learning community improves the school climate and enhances student learning and achievement. @JbhsPin often quotes Viktor E. Frankl's statement: "Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response." Digital citizenship hinges on creating or expanding that space.

If you are my age you remember the days of walking down the hallway at school and shoving a note through the vents in a friend's locker. Some people shoved unkind notes through locker vents. But, more often than not, I believe, the time it took to walk the halls of the school and find the target locker created that space between the stimulus that prompted the writing of an unkind message and the response of slipping it through the vents of the recipient's locker. I think, if Frankl is to be believed, that hallway walk created the space necessary for better angels to prevail in many cases. What makes today different is the immediacy with which a response to a stimulus can be created and disseminated. A challenge of digital citizenship education is to prompt students to be mindful, to breathe before posting, to reflect on their response before sending their response, to consider whether that response is something they want to be permanently etched into their digital profile.

It was with mindfulness as our guide that we created the first in our three-lesson digital citizenship series. We began with "Permanence." And we will teach it through the metaphor of a tattoo. Students are going to be asked to design a tattoo for themselves, something that, if they could, they would go out this afternoon and get inked. They might start by looking at the work of a famous tattoo artist like Bang Bang. They don't have to share their design; this tattoo could be anywhere on their body so it doesn't have to be something the world will see. Next, they will be asked to design a new tattoo, one that will be visible every day. And they will be asked to compare the two designs and reflect on their similarities and differences. We will culminate with a discussion of tattoo removal... what happens if ten years from now you don't want that tattoo anymore? What can you do? Of course, it is possible to remove a tattoo, but that process is painful and leaves scars. Thus, the metaphor for the students' digital presence comes full circle: always post assuming the world will see what you say; know that you may take down a post that is hurtful, but the damage can not be undone; think before you post of the ramifications of what you say; and when you post, do so with the intention of productively contributing to a dialogue.

Now, if time allowed, I would love to make a video of my new colleagues who have tattoos talking about what they have, when they got inked, why they chose their design, and whether they ever have regretted it. Personally I have four tattoos. My daughter calls them watermarks. I got each at a significant time in my life and each marks a milestone in my life and growth. I think I can say the same about my digital tattoos. Maybe it is because I remember the days of dropping notes instead of sending snapchats. I consciously remove my hands from a device when I begin to feel heated about something. The challenge of teaching cyber citizen students to be good digital citizens is creating that space, that moment of reflection. We need to teach them to approach every digital interaction with the same caution that they might employ when they hear the buzz of the tattoo needle.

More on our other lessons, Privacy and Productivity, in future posts.

Teaching students to understand bias

Students frequently ask: can you help me find a source that's not biased? When they ask that question we know what they mean, what it shows us the students need to learn is that 1) there are degrees of bias and 2) everyone has bias, so 3) there is no such thing as unbiased. Instead, we need to teach students to recognize what a text creator's bias is and how or whether that bias negates the usefulness of that source for the student's purpose.

Today we worked with a class of grade 11 students doing research for an in-depth research paper. The focus of the class unit is on the relationship between socioeconomic status and educational experience so this topic will frame the research questions the students are seeking to answer. To facilitate the students' resource selection and understanding of the impact of bias on source credibility we worked with the class unpacking an editorial from the "Room for Debate" section of the New York Times in response to the question: "Is School Reform Hopeless?"

We scaffolded this exercise to help students begin to understand their own biases on this topic and how their bias will influence how they understand what they read and how they convey what they ultimately write. We selected one of the editorials and provided the students just the conclusion to that text. We selectively removed words from the paragraph and asked students to replace the blanks with whatever word they each thought would best convey the meaning of the paragraph. When they completed this exercise individually, we asked them to work with 2 or 3 other students in the class to compile their words on one document and compare how they each completed the paragraph and how their choice of words changed the meaning of the paragraph. The pictures below are of the excerpted paragraph with the students' words on post-it notes.

Here is an example of a phrase with blanks to be filled:

...too many are climbing stairwells with broken handrails and missing steps, tripping and falling as they ________ to keep up, while others are _________ up on elevators...

In one group students said:

• struggling to keep up, while others racing up
• trying to keep up, while others rising up
• attempting to keep up, while others moving up

The students were able to see that racing implies competition, rising implies progress and maybe increase in status, while moving is more passive. They were surprised that none of those were the words that the author used but they couldn't think of another word to use.

The actual sentence is: "...too many are climbing stairwells with broken handrails and missing steps, tripping and falling as they work to keep up, while others are zooming up on elevators..."

Certainly working implies a conscious sense of purpose and purposefulness to the effort that is not reflected in struggle, try or attempt. Work may also imply a degree of success and ability absent in those other terms. Zooming also has a very different connotation than the words the students chose, particularly in contrast to working. So, we asked students to compare their bias with that of the author and consider how differing opinions might influence their assessment of the source's credibility.

For the next phase of this exercise, we provided the students with the rest of the editorial where we had highlighted words or phrases and added questions to invite students to discuss the writer's choice of word and how those words affected the meaning of her editorial.

Here is an example paragraph:

"In addition to attending to these basic survival needs, schools have to attract experienced teachers and leaders with the right sensibilities and training to educate youth from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. Successful school districts also enhance youth development through extracurricular activities and additional enrichment. When families cannot afford costly after-school programs, personal tutors and experiential summer vacations, effective school-communities invest in programs to offset these opportunity gaps." 

Here are the questions we posed corresponding to each of the highlighted phrases:

1. What does this phrase imply? (basic survival needs)
2. What do you think these are? (right sensibilities)
3. How is this different than education? (youth development)
4. What other gaps have you heard of? (opportunity gaps)

As they shared their conclusions and questions the students raised questions like: what does equity mean? One student said it meant equality. At that point, we directed the class to the Allsides Dictionary. Here is how Allsides describes their dictionary:

Click to see how Allsides defines equity and the cartoon they use to distinguish "equity" from "equality". We think this resource is incredibly valuable to students as they learn to navigate the information they encounter and develop information literacy -- particularly in the face of fake news!

Carter, Prudence L. “Poor Schools Need to Encompass More Than Instruction to Succeed.” The Opinion Pages: Room for Debate, New York Times, 14 Sept. 2016, www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/09/14/is-school-reform-hopeless/poor-schools-need-to-encompass-more-than-instruction-to-succeed.

ISTE Standards for EDUCATORS... another infographic

Standard, standards, everywhere! Whether we are developing curricula, teaching, or assessing with Common Core, C3, Next Gen Science or some other set of standards, our focus is on standards for student achievement.

What I don't see or hear discussed as much, are standards for educator achievement, and lately I've been thinking a lot about ISTE's standards for teachers. (See infographic below.) I envision professional development that focuses on these standards. Teachers can self-assess with these standards as a measure in order to suggest learning that they need. Developing sessions in response to such reflection means the PD is self-directed and standards-based.

On a related ISTE note: my library partner, @mluhtala, and I just heard that our proposal to present at #ISTE17 was accepted -- so please come see us on Sunday, June 25 to discuss Libraries in Transitional Times where Kids Love to Learn!

On Every Student Having a Device in Class

To teachers who wants students to put their computers away:

Insisting that students learn new information in the way that you do and in the way that you did when you were in school is doing both them and you a disservice… It does students a disservice because you are assuming that they learn as you do. They do not. Their brains are wired differently than yours. Forcing them to learn like you do results in their disinterest and cognitive disengagement. Those two factors ultimately lead to their behavioral disengagement. Consider that students might not be as distracted by technology as they are by its absence.

Teaching students as you were taught also does you a disservice because you are frustrated when you ask your students a question, and they can’t answer it. And you say to yourself (and to them) but I taught you this. You read about it in your textbook. You took a quiz on it. How do you not know it?  The answer: because you taught the way you think you learn. And that is not the way a digital brain learns. Your brain likely won’t rewire, but you need to embrace their wiring and deliver instruction that meets their brains where they are. It is time to stop resisting instructing digitial students in the digital age by saying “this is not how the world works.” because it is how the world works. Increasingly so. Consider these factors:

• At Yale Medical Group all patients take a wellness and mindfulness survey upon checking in for an appointment. Patients are handed a tablet and asked to complete the survey. The medical team uses that data to gauge trends in patient wellness. Yale is not limiting screen time. Not only do their patients need facility with the device and the survey tool, the employees need to know who access,manipulate, and interpret the information generated by the patients.
• SSI, a global market research company, conducts company wide meetings by asking all employees, no matter where they are in the world, to log into an interactive digital presentation. It is the corporate version of an in-class nearpod presentation. The CEO does not worry that some employees might wrestle with ADD and struggle to attend. The expectation is that employees attend: digitally and cognitively.
• Print media is dying having been disrupted by digital media. There are pros and cons to this change. Both are important to education. First, the pro: those media outlets that offered quality journalism when print proliferated have harnessed digital tools to create phenomenal interactive displays of data and simulations of current events. They are tremendous tools for understanding the world, teaching resources and models for students of how to create their own content. And the con: poor quality journalism has now abounded in the digital ecosphere. Which is why it is crucial that students, with our coaching, navigate those murky waters in order to decipher reliable from unreliable, fact from opinion, accurate from misleading.

We need to stop teaching students to be passive recipients of information. That is how the world used to work. That is now how the world works anymore. What we teach doesn’t have to change; how we teach it does.

What does literacy mean in the digital age?

Fighting the digital media revolution -- either personally or in our schools -- is a quixotic endeavor. Students must learn to read for bias, shift between written and visually communicated information, and maintain focus within a myriad of opportunities to depart from the primary text via hyperlinks to supplemental information. In fact, they, and we, are already doing these tasks and educators must embrace the teaching of the skills necessary to read well in a digital environment rather than refuse to allow the digital world into their classrooms. Students must learn to discern the connections between the array of topics and information presented in multimedia forms to make meaning of an information collection. Reading in a web-based rather than printed text environment therefore requires students to develop information literacy skills specific to that medium beyond traditional printed text literacy strategies.

Teacher’s anecdotally cite their concern that students’ comprehension skills are eroding as is their persistence with lengthy and complex texts as justification for reading print only. To me, it does not make sense to resist the infiltration of the web into the classroom. We all must embrace the teaching of web literacy so students develop into sophisticated consumers of digital and print media. In some ways, digital media further empowers the reader to control the reading process and experience. Web reading is (or can be):

• non-linear in its thinking requirements,
• non-hierarchical in its organizational strategies,
• non-sequential in its presentation,
• multimedia which requires significant visual literacy skills,
• interactive so that the reader controls the pace and flow of the reading, not the writer, and readers can even offer comment on the substance of the writing.

We should be developing new pedagogy around literacy instruction to embrace these changes and maximize student potential instead of becoming distraught about the possible adaptive changes to our brains as the means of reading evolves.

Graphicacy is a vital skill as more and more information is conveyed via sketch, diagram, chart, etc. Savvy readers need to evaluate non-text features like graphs and images. This isn't new in the world-wide-web -- there are charts and graphs and images in books -- but the variation of the media and the volume of it (since we're no longer constrained by pages and printing costs) is different and thus worthy of a new strategy. Students need to develop the ability to unpack and make meaning of the multimedia components in a digital text and synthesize the meaning they derive from each component.

These are sophisticated skills. They are high on bloom’s taxonomy. To dismiss the reading strategies necessary to understand the presentation of ideas in digital texts is to misunderstand or ignore the value of these texts - and their permanence. It is imperative that administrators and educators embrace these new media and invest in the professional development necessary to nurture students literacy development in the digital age.

A Different Side to Co-Teaching

My route to becoming a library media specialist was via the social studies classroom before landing in my fourth district in this brand new role. In my previous three schools I was afforded many co-teaching opportunities: with English teachers, science teachers, special education teachers, art teachers. And this occurred in an array of courses: American Studies, Environmental Studies, Art History... The common denominator? We were all classroom teachers implementing the same curriculum. As such, we co-planned integrated units, and we co-taught the classes.

For the last two days, my librarian-partner and I worked on a lesson about distinguishing journalistic news from editorial writing to be delivered to a Civics class of grade 12 students. We started by meeting with the Civics teacher to discuss her needs. We started with lesson context:

• What was the content leading up to this exercise? (Answer: Constitution & Bill of Rights)
• What new understandings and skills did the students need to develop during this exercise? (Answer: distinguish fact from opinion and know when each is credible)
• What would they be doing after this exercise? (Answer: developing a voters' guide for the upcoming election)

Next question: how much time can be devoted to this experience? It is no secret that time -- or the lack of it -- is one of the big obstacles educators face. In this instance, three educators, with two related but distinct curricula are collaborating to make time for both learning expectations while keeping in mind what students need, know, and care about! (Answer: one class period)

Final point of discussion: what content should we use to illustrate different types of journalistic writing? Given the students' recent focus on the Bill of Rights, Colin Kaepernick's ongoing protest and the ripple effects from it to other athletes was an obvious choice. Free speech issues are always an interesting hook!

At this point, we (the librarians) began building the lesson. My partner had a framework with which we began. In Google slides she had a presentation that supported a discussion of the origin of Editorials and OP-ED in print newspapers. From there we identified the types of opinion writing the students would examine so they could learn to distinguish them: Editorial, OP-ED, and blog. Those three forms would be compared with a journalistic news article. Now to find the model writing samples.

We searched the library's databases, we went directly to some go-to news sites, we did savvy Google searches. There was no shortage of news articles, blogs, and OP-ED columns about the 49ers' QB. And we had many invigorating conversations along the way about free speech, about Kaepernick, about student reading levels and interest ranges, and so on. The first source we found was an essay by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar published by the WashingtonPost.com. Rhetorically we both really liked this writing sample, ultimate we agreed that it didn't neatly fit as a model of one of the writing styles were were trying to illustrate. Which sent us back to the digital drawing board (our Google Slides). Digital journalism is changing the news landscape and Washington Post has accommodated these outliers in a section called "PostEverything". That became our starting point.

Ultimately, we settled on a news story from CBSNews, a blog from Slate, and an OP_ED from the New York Times. Tracking down an editorial proved more challenging and gave rise to interesting musings about publications not taking on the free speech issue. In my head I had one of those moments where I wished we had video recorded ourselves going through this process. What we are doing, asking each other, and discussing is EXACTLY what we wanted the students to learn to be able to do. Finally, my partner found an editorial from the LATimes that worked well and our resource curation was complete.

You are probably, at this point, thinking exactly what was nagging at the backs of our minds: how in the world did they think twenty or so 12th graders were going to unpack all of this material in 47 minutes? We decided to select representative passages from each text that showed the typical characteristics of each style of writing. Remember, we weren't trying to teach the First Amendment, we were just using the coverage of Kaepernick's protest as the vehicle to distinguish news from editorializing. We used the first and last paragraph from each source as well as one from the body of each text. For the first few, we highlighted passages to focus the students on different rhetorical and stylistic devices. For the last one, we decided to have the students identify trigger passages that gave them clues to the nature of the text. Finally, the students would discuss each collection of excerpts to determine which form of journalism it represented. The presentation ended with a set of word clouds made from each of the model texts. To close, students would make made observations about the clouds that gave them key points to remember about the writing styles.

At this point we re-convened with our Civics teacher colleague to review the plan, hear her feedback, and make any necessary modifications before we delivered this lesson in three of her classes.

My partner loaded everything into Nearpod with an embedded Google Form so we could take advantage of our new BYOD program and collect information from the students about their questions and perceptions as we worked through the material. All of this was still a lot to navigate in one class period. And, we modified the lesson a bit after each delivery once it went into practice. Since we had begun the year offering to our colleagues a professional learning session on the SAMR model, we had a quick side conversation about SAMR and whether or not this exercise meets the criteria to be considered "Modification." Or, after all of this planning, had we only managed "Augmentation"?

What did happen was a fairly well-honed lesson delivery that was the result of an intense, balanced collaboration between colleagues and constant reflection and revision based on student engagement and mastery. It was an interesting process to prepare a lesson for students I was still getting to know in someone else's class. To be a guest teacher, a co-teacher, and a digital literacy expert all at the same time! I am really enjoying this new role!